
…And Carry a Big Stick
Congo, Africa
Male chimpanzees engage in intense competition and form alliances to achieve and maintain their rank, with the alpha male at the top. More stable leaders tend to be those who also use kindness, fairness, and strategic political alliances to secure the support of other males and females. The male hierarchy is fluid, and the alpha male must constantly defend his position from challenges by younger, ambitious males. These challenges can involve aggressive displays, intimidation tactics, and forming coalitions to overthrow the current leader. Subordinate males show submission to a higher-ranking male through a ritualized call known as a "pant-grunt".
Photo © copyright by Dr. Edward Mikol.
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